Conclave of 1268-1271: crisis, urban intervention and modern flavor Funchal News Madeira News – Information from everyone for everyone!

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The flavor was 1268-1271, which was held in Vivvero, Italy, the longest in the history of the Catholic Church, which lasts 34 months (November 29, 1268 to September 1, 1271). This episode was distinguished by deep political divisions, external interference, and sharp measures to impose a decision. This episode not only showcases the weaknesses of the papal electoral process in the Middle Ages, but also stimulated the reforms that would constitute modern differences. election Tiopalo Veskonte As Pope Gregory X, not supernatural, was not present in deliberations, the most urgent change, and reached its climax in issuing the Apostolic Constitution Where the danger (1274), which adds the institutional character to the Conclave model is still valid.

Historical context: political divisions remained Carlos de Anjo

Clement IV death and power vacuum

The death of Pope Clement IV left November 29, 1268, the church at a critical moment. The Pope was crowned Carlos de Anjo As a kingdom of Sicily in 1266, enhancing the French influence on the peninsula Introduction (Mellad Peninsula or the Throat Peninsula). This alliance created a division at the Cardinal College between:

• French faction (Carolina)Seven Cardinals, most of whom are assigned by the former popes sympathetic to France, supported the dominance of Carlos de Anjo and defended the continuity of their political intervention.
• Italian (imperial)Ten Cardinals, Mostly The Italians opposed the French hegemony and sought to preserve the independence of the Pontifical countries and the Holy Roman Empire.

The impasse was exacerbated due to the lack of a qualified (two -thirds) majority necessary to elect the new Pope, as each faction prohibited applications on the other side.

Conradino inheritance and geopolitical tension

to implement ConradinoAnother heir to the dynasty HohenstauffenWritten by Carlos de Anjo in October 1268 exacerbated the competitions. The young prince’s head in Naples symbolizes a victory Angvino more Gibelinos (Supporters of the empire), but they also feed the dissatisfaction between the Italian Cardinate, who were afraid of the centrality of power in the hands of France.

Or delivery ViterboExtreme events and measures

Initial mass and stagnation

Cardinals 19 present in Viterbo (One of them died before the beginning) Palzu de BabiBut the daily voices were not made. The months passed without unanimity, while the local population is angry because there was no papal leadership and the costs of hosting the voters, they began to intervene:

• Forced confinement: In 1269, judges ViterboHe led Podestà Alberto From MontbonoClose the Cardinals in the palace, and prohibited all exits.
• Food restrictions: Nutrition has been reduced to Bread and waterReports indicate that the building’s roof has been partially removed to expose voters to the weather, which pressures them to accelerate the decision.

Deaths and concessions under pressure

Three Cardinals died during this process (Banca István, Giordano Pironti and Rodolphe de Albano), and Henry de Souza resigned for health reasons after their release from imprisonment. High deaths and unhealthy conditions highlighted the chaotic character of the level, which lasted for more than two years without a solution perspective.

Elections through “commitment” and a non -external choice

The Six Cardinal Committee

In September 1271, nearly three years after the impasse, the Cardinals adopted an unprecedented method: Commitment elections ((bargaining). A committee of six members (three of each faction) was formed to choose the Pope, with the promise that other voters will accept his decision. The members were:

• Simon Bustiri (Padua);
• Guy de Burgundy (Burgundy);
• Ricardo Anibaldi (Rome);
• Utaviano Opini (Florence);
• Giovanni Gitano Ursini (Rome);
• Giacomo Savly (Rome).

Tiopalo Veskonte: The Pope is unexpected

The committee was elected Tiopalo VeskonteArchdiácono de LegeAnd that was not Cardinal, not even a priest, and he was in the acres of (Palestine) to participate in The ninth cross. He surprised his choice of many, but his political neutrality and the reputation of integrity made him a candidate for consensus. Vesconi Before the situation, the name was adopted Gregory S.And the marina of the priest and the roofs only after his election.

Douferences and reforms: a legacy Where the danger

The Apostolic Constitution 1274

Shocked through the Viterbo experience, Gregório x chest Where the danger During the Leon II Council (1274). The document set strict rules for future papal elections:

• Total insulationCarcrootypes must be lockClave Vice President) In a place without external contact.
• Progressive restrictions: After three days, the meals will be reduced to a plate; After the ninth day, only bread, water and wine will be provided.
• lace: Cardinis will lose access to the income of the Apostolic Chamber during the flavor.

These measures are inspired by tactics ViterboIt aims to avoid extending expanding and overlap.

Immediate impact and resistance

The first application of the new rules occurred in 1276, when Innocent V was elected in just one day. However, the internal opposition led to the temporary comment of Where the danger Written by Adriano V and its official cancellation by John XXI by inserting the package Despite a happy reminder (1276), which led to long differences until its restoration by Celestino V in 1294.

Webgraphy:

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