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S. The Vatican appeared as a sovereign state in 1929 during The toilet treatyIt is located between Santa is and Italian government. However, her story is linked to Thousands of years Religious and political development. Here are the main features:

1. The background: from the Romans to the papal cases

• Romanian period: The region that was today the Vatican a Marsh ((VaticanOutside the walls of Rome, used for Graves and Nero Circus (SEUCULO I DC).
• The tomb of St. Peter: According to traditions, the Messenger was buried there after his martyrdom. In the fourth century, the emperor Constantino Built The first basilica from São Pedro About the place.
• Papal: In 756, King Franco Cucumber, summary I donated the land for the Pope, and the formation Church casesThat lasted until 1870.

2. Italian monotheism and “Roman Question”

• 1870: Forces Kingdom of Italy They invaded Rome, and extinguishing the papal cases. pope hex He refused to recognize annexation, declaring a “prisoner” in the Vatican.
• Warranty laws (1871): Italy offered the Pope Compensation E Sovereignty about the VaticanBut the church refused, while maintaining the dilemma for 59 years.

3. Luran Treaty (1929)

• Signing: On February 11, the dictator Benito Mussolini By wapa Pius eleventh The agreement was signed:
  • The Vatican city was created As an independent country (0.44 square kilometers).
  • Learn about the Apostolic Chair As a sovereign entity in international relations.
  • Establish financial compensation To lose papal cases.

4. The characteristics of the modern state

• government: Theocratic Optional PropertyWith the Pope as the head of state.
• Symbols:
  • Basilica Sao Pedro (It was rebuilt in the sixteenth century).
  • Apostolic Palace (Pontifical Residence).
  • The Vatican Moses (A group of accumulation since the Renaissance).

Vatican today The smallest country and The spiritual center for 1.3 billion CatholicsMaintaining the global influence through the diplomacy of the Apostolic Chair17.

The basic timeline

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