The keys of the “mutual rates” of Trump: which countries have the highest, which are exempt and when applying | International

The President of the United States, Donald Trump, raised a Tariff wall Variable height in the face of the world, declaring a large -scale commercial war that threatens to cause a global economic crisis. Trump has decided to join a minimum universal rate of 10%, applicable as general, with higher rates For the vast majority of its main commercial partners. The “mutual rates” in some cases have increased up to 50% and that level is exceeded by China, which is added a new from 34% to 20% that imports from that country have already suffered.

What rates announced Trump?

The President of the United States has signed a decree in which the rates are imposed on the alleged response to the commercial and non -commercial obstacles of these countries to US products. The methodology is arbitrary and has one of its axes the commercial deficit of the United States with the different countries. New import fees will apply to all goods. Trump holds without foundation that has imposed on those countries some rates that are half of those they have put on the activities they import from the United States.

What are the highest rates?

Los Higher “mutual” rates They correspond to Lesoto (50%), San Pedro and Miquelón (50%), Cambogia (49%), Laos (48%), Madagascar (47%), Vietnam (46%), Sri Lanka (44%), Myanmar (44%), Syria (41%), Falkland Islands (41%) and Mauric (44%). However, 34% are applied to China which is added to 20% which has already been imposed by the national emergency for Fenanil, so that its exports are taxed with 54%, not counting other rates imposed in the past by Donald Trump and Joe Biden.

Which countries are exempt?

In The list does not appear Russia, Belarus, North Korea and Cuba, Countries where there are already veto, penalties and exclusions that prevent there that there is a significant trade with them. Also so, in official US statistics there are just over $ 3,000 million of imports from Russia in 2024. Nor does it appear among the countries subject to “mutual rates” Canada and Mexico, if necessary because they continue to subject national emergencies relating to Fenestanil and migration, so that the new regime is not applied. Most countries have 10%rates.

What rates will the EU and the main commercial partners suffer?

China, European Union, Mexico, Vietnam, Taiwan, Japan, South Korea, Canada, India, Thailand, Switzerland and Malaysia are countries or blocks with which the United States have a higher commercial deficit e From the beginning they appeared as the most threatened. The rates for the main commercial partners, excluding Canada and Mexico, are: European Union (20%); China (34%+20%); Japan (24%); Vietnam (46%); Taiwan (32%); India (26%); South Korea (25%); Thailand (36%); Switzerland (31%); Indonesia (32%); Brazil and the United Kingdom (10%).

When do they come into force?

Spokesman for the White House On Monday he said that the rates would immediately take effect, But the facts left him again in a bad place. 10% of universal minimum rates They begin to apply on Saturday 5 April While those called mutual called Wednesday 9 April. In addition, the President of the United States decided Delete for imports from Chinese exemption of minimis, This remained without paying shipments up to $ 800, in this case from May 2nd. Small shipments of other countries remain exempt until the customs service has means to process them.

Do they apply to all products?

Aluminum, aluminum and cars that are already subject to taxes of 25% are not applied to the new “mutual” rates. Copper, pharmaceutical products, semiconductors and wood products will also be exempt, as well as critical minerals and energy, pending their own tariffs in the sector. At the moment, there is no reference to specific withdrawals for agricultural products, which will be subject to new rates such as the rest of the products.

What other rates do they apply?

In early February, Trump introduced a 10% tax on all Chinese products Imported into the United States. So the smaller shipments were exempt. A month later, the tax doubled, up to 20%. At the beginning of March, a 25% lien General entered into force for most imports from Canada and Mexico. Two days later A series of exemptions have been announced To the products covered by the TMEC. On March 12 they entered into force 25% rates on steel and aluminum imports. March 26 a 25% of car import tax To tax the vehicles assembled from April 3 and the main pieces and pieces, from 3 May.

What other rates threatened Trump?

Trump has mentioned semiconductors, pharmaceutical products, food, copper, wood (and even on an oil occasion) like other goods that could face new taxes on imports. The president also authorized Marco Rubio to impose rates of 25% on the countries that buy oil in Venezuela.

What are rates and what goal have?

Rates are taxes that apply to imported products. Like all taxes, they are a source of income for the government. Countries use them above all to support local industries, more expensive foreign products. Trump is also using them as a lever to achieve foreign policy objectives. Has imposed rates on Mexico, Canada and China linked to drug trafficking and immigration; He threatened Colombia with them to admit flights with deported immigrants and also threatened to tax imports from countries that acquire oil in Venezuela.

How are rates collected and applied?

The secretary of the Treasury is responsible for the creation of regulations on the tariff collection, but the office for customs protection and borders (CBP) is the government agency responsible for applying them in almost 330 entrance doors Throughout the country, which include border or binary crossings, as well as maritime and airports. The agents examine the documentation, make audit and collect taxes and sanctions. The money is collected at the time of the customs office and deposited in the general fund of the Treasury Department. Those who do not correctly describe the quantity, category or origin of a specific product, on purpose or negligence, face penalties.

Some goods and components go through the boundaries several times before becoming a finished product, like a car with pieces made in the United States gathered in Mexico and reported in the United States. Uu. According to CBP standards, products manufactured in the United States that are reimportan To the country without “improved” or “increased” their value is exempted. An example that Bloomberg puts in the opposite direction: if the United States export to India, where it is used pending, the final product will be subject to rates when it returns to the United States, including gold value.

How much money generates rates?

Although the rates were in the 19th century the main source of income of the United States government, during most of the last century they represented a small part of them. According to an analysis of the government of San Luis Federal Reserve Banklast year they represented Less than 3 % federal income. One of the Trump consultants in commercial issues, Peter Navarro, said he hoped that the rates will generate a collection of $ 600,000 million per year.

Who pays the rates?

The investigations have revealed that, in general, consumer and US companies are those that absorb the highest tax costs of imports. To avoid a decrease in benefits, companies often choose to increase prices and transfer part of this cost for consumers, although there are times when their margin deteriorates. Sometimes, part of the rates is adequate from the exchange or with the prices by foreign exporters.

What are the consequences of the imposition of rates?

The rates are more expensive the price of imported products, which cause the reduction of demand and, therefore, imports are reduced, although it depends a lot on the product in question. Sometimes, companies fix them to resort to a sort of tariff evasion, sending the goods through a third country, declaring a value lower than that of products or erroneously waste them as similar goods of the lowest rates. The economists of Goldman Sachs They found that the evasion of the rates could explain up to $ 90,000 million of the estimated reduction of $ 240,000 million in American imports from China compared to the levels prior to the commercial war, reports Bloomberg.

What is the “external income service” proposed by Trump?

The Trump administration has proposed the Creation of an independent external income service to increase taxes first as part of its commercial policy. Analysts have indicated that tariff income is not an “external” source, since taxes are paid by importers based in the United States, which transfer at least part of the cost to US consumers. The concept underlines Trump’s desire to frame the rates on foreign imports as a source of income that is not responsible for taxpayers.

What does all this mean for commercial treaties?

The United States have free trade agreements with 20 commercial partners all over the world, including the Treaty between Mexico, the United States and Canada (TMEC), negotiated by Trump himself, who replaced the Nafta. In these agreements, the countries undertake to reduce almost zero rates. Trump rates on Mexico and Canada go against the commercial agreement between the three nations (which must be renegotiated in 2026). As a member of the World Trade Organization, the United States are subject to standards that include limits in the use of commercial subsidies and barriers such as rates and shares.